![]() ![]() Imaging of valvular heart disease in heart failure. Calcific aortic valve stenosis: Hard disease in the heart: A biomolecular approach towards diagnosis and treatment. Peeters F.E.C.M., Meex S.J.R., Dweck M.R., Aikawa E., Crijns H.J.G.M., Schurgers L.J., Kietselaer B.L.J.H. The three layers consist of fibrosa (F), spongiosa (S) and ventricularis (V). ( D) Tissue image of trilayered structure of an aortic leaflet in sheep. Copyright 2015, Cambridge University Pres. ( C) Detailed heart valve structure: the three inner layers (ventricularis, spongiosa and fibrosa) with proteoglycans (PG), glycosaminoglycans (GAG), collagen type I and type III, elastin and VICs and the outer layer formed by VECs. (Right) Representation of the aortic valve indicating coordinated rearrangement of the ECM fibers, and elongation of the VICs during systole (open) and diastole (closed). ( A) Aortic valve and ( B) mitral valve, with the three ECM layers: ventricularis (EL), spongiosa (PG-GAG) and fibrosa (COL) the blood flow is indicated by red arrows (ventricularis closest to blood flow) valve endothelial cells (VECs, purple) and valve interstitial cells (VICs, blue). Representation of aortic and mitral valve structures. Heart valve replacement heart valve tissue engineering polysaccharides proteins regenerative medicine scaffold. The available strategies to design, validate and remodel heart valves are discussed in depth by a comparative analysis of in vitro, in vivo (pre-clinical models) and in situ (clinical translation) tissue engineering studies. In addition, the technological progresses in heart valve tissue engineering (HVTE) are shown, with several inherent challenges and limitations. The focus of the review is on the recent achievements concerning the utilization of natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) in TEHV thus, their extensive presentation is provided. Starting from this idea, the review presents a comprehensive overview related not only to the structural components of the heart valve, such as cells sources, potential materials and scaffolds fabrication, but also to the advances in the development of heart valve replacements. Achieving a sustainable and functional tissue-engineered heart valve (TEHV) requires deep understanding of the complex interactions that occur among valve cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the mechanical environment. The new generation of heart valves developed by tissue engineering has the ability to repair, reshape and regenerate cardiac tissue. ![]() However, important limitations in the development and use of these devices are known and heart valve tissue engineering has proven to be the solution to the problems faced by mechanical and prosthetic valves. In the history of biomedicine and biomedical devices, heart valve manufacturing techniques have undergone a spectacular evolution. ![]()
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